The 2008 Mumbai attacks were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai, India's largest city, by Muslim[6] terrorists from Pakistan.[7] The attacks, which drew widespread condemnation across the world, began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and wounding at least 308.[2][3][8]
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[9] the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[9] Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital (a women and children's hospital),[9] the Orthodox Jewish-owned Nariman House,[10] the Metro Cinema,[11] and a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College.[9] There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[12] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. An action by India's National Security Guards (NSG) on 29 November (the action is officially named Operation Black Tornado) resulted in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel, ending all fighting in the attacks.[13]
Ajmal Kasab,[14] the only attacker who was captured alive, disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based militant organization, considered a terrorist organization by India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, among others.[15] The Indian Government said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[16]
On 7 January 2009, after more than a month of denying the nationality of the attackers,[17] Pakistan's Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Amir's nationality as Pakistani.[18] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik, in a televised news briefing, confirmed that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan and said that six people, including the alleged mastermind, were being held in connection with the attacksThere have been many terrorist bombings in Mumbai since 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[20] The 1993 attacks are believed to be retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition.[21]
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28.[22] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[23] A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India to the city.[24] On 13 March 2003, a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[25] On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32.[26] On 25 August 2003 two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.[27] On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai.[28] 209 people were killed,[29] and over 700 injured.[30] According to Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[9] the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[9] Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital (a women and children's hospital),[9] the Orthodox Jewish-owned Nariman House,[10] the Metro Cinema,[11] and a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College.[9] There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[12] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. An action by India's National Security Guards (NSG) on 29 November (the action is officially named Operation Black Tornado) resulted in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel, ending all fighting in the attacks.[13]
Ajmal Kasab,[14] the only attacker who was captured alive, disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based militant organization, considered a terrorist organization by India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, among others.[15] The Indian Government said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[16]
On 7 January 2009, after more than a month of denying the nationality of the attackers,[17] Pakistan's Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Amir's nationality as Pakistani.[18] On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik, in a televised news briefing, confirmed that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan and said that six people, including the alleged mastermind, were being held in connection with the attacksThere have been many terrorist bombings in Mumbai since 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[20] The 1993 attacks are believed to be retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition.[21]
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28.[22] The bombing occurred on the tenth anniversary of the demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[23] A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India to the city.[24] On 13 March 2003, a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the Mulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[25] On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32.[26] On 25 August 2003 two bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.[27] On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai.[28] 209 people were killed,[29] and over 700 injured.[30] According to Mumbai Police, the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[
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